Back Lisp AN ليسب Arabic Lisp AST Lisp Azerbaijani Lisp BAT-SMG Лісп Byelorussian Lisp (език за програмиране) Bulgarian লিস্প (প্রোগ্রামিং ভাষা) Bengali/Bangla Lisp (programski jezik) BS Lisp Catalan
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| Paradigm | Multi-paradigm: functional, procedural, reflective, meta |
|---|---|
| Designed by | John McCarthy |
| Developer | Steve Russell, Timothy P. Hart, Mike Levin |
| First appeared | 1960 |
| Typing discipline | Dynamic, strong |
| Dialects | |
| Influenced by | |
| Information Processing Language (IPL) | |
| Influenced | |
Lisp (historically LISP, an acronym for list processing) is a family of programming languages with a long history and a distinctive, fully parenthesized prefix notation.[3] Originally specified in 1960, Lisp is the second-oldest high-level programming language still in common use, after Fortran.[4][5] Lisp has changed since its early days, and many dialects have existed over its history. Today, the best-known general-purpose Lisp dialects are Common Lisp, Scheme, Racket and Clojure.[6][7][8]
Lisp was originally created as a practical mathematical notation for computer programs, influenced by (though not originally derived from)[9] the notation of Alonzo Church's lambda calculus. It quickly became a favored programming language for artificial intelligence (AI) research.[10] As one of the earliest programming languages, Lisp pioneered many ideas in computer science, including tree data structures, automatic storage management, dynamic typing, conditionals, higher-order functions, recursion, the self-hosting compiler,[11] and the read–eval–print loop.[12]
The name LISP derives from "LISt Processor".[13] Linked lists are one of Lisp's major data structures, and Lisp source code is made of lists. Thus, Lisp programs can manipulate source code as a data structure, giving rise to the macro systems that allow programmers to create new syntax or new domain-specific languages embedded in Lisp.
The interchangeability of code and data gives Lisp its instantly recognizable syntax. All program code is written as s-expressions, or parenthesized lists. A function call or syntactic form is written as a list with the function or operator's name first, and the arguments following; for instance, a function f that takes three arguments would be called as (f arg1 arg2 arg3).
- ^ "Introduction". The Julia Manual. Read the Docs. Archived from the original on 2016-04-08. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
- ^ "Wolfram Language Q&A". Wolfram Research. Retrieved 2016-12-10.
- ^ Edwin D. Reilly (2003). Milestones in computer science and information technology. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-1-57356-521-9.
- ^ "SICP: Foreword". Archived from the original on 2001-07-27.
Lisp is a survivor, having been in use for about a quarter of a century. Among the active programming languages only Fortran has had a longer life.
- ^ "Conclusions". Archived from the original on 2014-04-03. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
- ^ Steele, Guy L. (1990). Common Lisp: the language (2nd ed.). Bedford, MA: Digital Press. ISBN 1-55558-041-6. OCLC 20631879.
- ^ Felleisen, Matthias; Findler, Robert; Flatt, Matthew; Krishnamurthi, Shriram; Barzilay, Eli; McCarthy, Jay; Tobin-Hochstadt, Sam (2015). ""The Racket Manifesto"" (PDF).
- ^ "Clojure - Differences with other Lisps". clojure.org. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
- ^ Steele, Guy Lewis; Sussman, Gerald Jay (May 1978). "The Art of the Interpreter, or the Modularity Complex (Parts Zero, One, and Two), Part Zero, P. 4". MIT Libraries. hdl:1721.1/6094. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
- ^ "The Top Programming Languages in Artificial Intelligence". Artificial Intelligence. APRO. 24 June 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2021-02-15.
- ^ Paul Graham. "Revenge of the Nerds". Retrieved 2013-03-14.
- ^ Chisnall, David (2011-01-12). Influential Programming Languages, Part 4: Lisp.
- ^ Jones, Robin; Maynard, Clive; Stewart, Ian (December 6, 2012). The Art of Lisp Programming. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2. ISBN 9781447117193.