Cameroon

Republic of Cameroon
République du Cameroun (French)
Motto: 
"Paix – Travail – Patrie" (French)
"Peace – Work – Fatherland"
Anthem: 
"Ô Cameroun, Berceau de nos Ancêtres" (French)
"O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers"
Location of Cameroon on the globe.
CapitalYaoundé[1]
3°52′N 11°31′E / 3.867°N 11.517°E / 3.867; 11.517
Largest cityDouala
Official languagesEnglish • French
Ethnic groups
(2018)[1]
Religion
(2020)[2]
Demonym(s)Cameroonian
GovernmentUnitary dominant-party presidential republic[3] under a dictatorship[4][5][6]
• President
Paul Biya
Joseph Ngute
Marcel Niat Njifenji
Cavayé Yéguié Djibril
LegislatureParliament
Senate
National Assembly
Independence 
from France and the United Kingdom
• Independence from France
1 January 1960
• Independence from the United Kingdom
1 October 1961
Area
• Total
475,442 km2 (183,569 sq mi) (53rd)
• Water (%)
0.57 [1]
Population
• 2023 estimate
30,135,732[7] (51st)
• Density
39.7/km2 (102.8/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $133.335 billion[8] (94th)
• Per capita
Increase $4,660[8] (187th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $49.262 billion[8] (89th)
• Per capita
Increase $1,721[8] (150th)
Gini (2014)46.6[9]
high
HDI (2021)Steady 0.576[10]
medium (151st)
CurrencyCentral African CFA franc (XAF)
Time zoneUTC+1 (WAT)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
yyyy/mm/dd
Driving sideright
Calling code+237
ISO 3166 codeCM
Internet TLD.cm
  1. These are the titles as given in the Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon, Article X (English at the Wayback Machine (archived 28 February 2006) and French at the Wayback Machine (archived 28 February 2006) versions). 18 January 1996. The French version of the song is sometimes called Chant de Ralliement, as in Swarovski Orchestra (2004). National Anthems of the World. Koch International Classics; and the English version "O Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers", as in DeLancey and DeLancey 61.

Cameroon,[a] officially the Republic of Cameroon,[b] is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Its coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West Africa and Central Africa, it has been categorized as being in both camps. Its nearly 27 million people speak 250 native languages, in addition to the national tongues of English and French, or both.[11][12][13]

Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad, and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camarões (Shrimp River), which became Cameroon in English. Fulani soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate in the north in the 19th century, and various ethnic groups of the west and northwest established powerful chiefdoms and fondoms.

Cameroon became a German colony in 1884 known as Kamerun. After World War I, it was divided between France and the United Kingdom as League of Nations mandates. The Union des Populations du Cameroun (UPC) political party advocated independence, but was outlawed by France in the 1950s, leading to the national liberation insurgency fought between French and UPC militant forces until early 1971. In 1960, the French-administered part of Cameroon became independent, as the Republic of Cameroun, under President Ahmadou Ahidjo. The southern part of British Cameroons federated with it in 1961 to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The federation was abandoned in 1972. The country was renamed the United Republic of Cameroon in 1972 and back to the Republic of Cameroon in 1984 by a presidential decree by president Paul Biya. Biya, the incumbent president, has led the country since 1982 following Ahidjo's resignation; he previously held office as prime minister from 1975 onward. Cameroon is governed as a Unitary Presidential Republic.

The official languages of Cameroon are French and English, the official languages of former French Cameroons and British Cameroons. Christianity is the majority religion in Cameroon, with significant minorities practising Islam and traditional faiths. It has experienced tensions from the English-speaking territories, where politicians have advocated for greater decentralisation and even complete separation or independence (as in the Southern Cameroons National Council). In 2017, tensions over the creation of an Ambazonian state in the English-speaking territories escalated into open warfare.

Large numbers of Cameroonians live as subsistence farmers. The country is often referred to as "Africa in miniature" for its geological, linguistic and cultural diversity.[14][11] Its natural features include beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests, and savannas. Its highest point, at almost 4,100 metres (13,500 ft), is Mount Cameroon in the Southwest Region. Its most populous cities are Douala on the Wouri River, its economic capital and main seaport; Yaoundé, its political capital; and Garoua. Limbé in the southwest has a natural seaport. Cameroon is well known for its native music styles, particularly Makossa, Njang and Bikutsi, and for its successful national football team. It is a member state of the African Union, the United Nations, the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), the Commonwealth of Nations, Non-Aligned Movement and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.

  1. ^ a b c "Cameroon § People and Society". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. 16 May 2022. (Archived 2022 edition)
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference National Profiles was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ "Democracy Index 2020". Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  4. ^ David Wallechinsky, "Tyrants: the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators", Regan Press, 2006, pp. 286–290
  5. ^ "The world's enduring dictators: Paul Biya, Cameroon". CBS News. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  6. ^ Tampa, Vava (2 November 2020). "For the sake of Cameroon, life-president Paul Biya must be forced out". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  7. ^ "Cameroon". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Cameroon)". International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  9. ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". databank.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  10. ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  11. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference :5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ "Cameroon". Ethnologue. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  14. ^ Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes. Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, National Climatic Data Center. 25 May 2012. Last accessed 1 July 2019.


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