Myanmar

Republic of the Union of Myanmar
  • ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်‌ (Burmese)
  • Pyidăuzu Thammăda Myăma Năingandaw
Anthem: ကမ္ဘာမကျေ
Kaba Ma Kyei
"Till the End of the World"
Location of Myanmar (green)

in ASEAN (dark grey)  –  [Legend]

CapitalNaypyidaw[a]
21°00′N 96°00′E / 21.000°N 96.000°E / 21.000; 96.000
Largest cityYangon[b]
Official languageBurmese
Recognised regional languages[1]
Ethnic groups
(2018[2][3])
Religion
Demonym(s)
[6]
GovernmentUnitary assembly-independent republic under a military junta
• President
Myint Swe (acting)
Min Aung Hlaing
Soe Win[c]
LegislatureState Administration Council
Formation
23 December 849
16 October 1510
29 February 1752
1 January 1886
4 January 1948
2 March 1962
• Renamed from "Burma" to "Myanmar"
18 June 1989
30 March 2011
1 February 2021
Area
• Total
676,579 km2 (261,229 sq mi) (39th)
• Water (%)
3.06
Population
• 2022 estimate
57,526,449[10] (26th)
• Density
196.8/sq mi (76.0/km2) (125th)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $277.767 billion[11] (64th)
• Per capita
Increase $5,124[11] (146th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $74.861 billion[11] (90th)
• Per capita
Increase $1,381[11] (167th)
Gini (2017)Positive decrease 30.7[12]
medium
HDI (2022)Increase 0.608[13]
medium (144th)
CurrencyKyat (K) (MMK)
Time zoneUTC+06:30 (MMT)
Driving sideright
Calling code+95
ISO 3166 codeMM
Internet TLD.mm
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Myanmar,[d] officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar[e] and also known as Burma (the official name until 1989), is a country in Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has a population of about 55 million.[14] It is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest, China to its northeast, Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast, and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is Naypyidaw, and its largest city is Yangon (formerly Rangoon).[3]

Early civilisations in the area included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Myanmar and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Myanmar.[15] In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley, and following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture, and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell to Mongol invasions, and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo dynasty, the country became the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia for a short period.[16] The early 19th-century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century, and the country became a British colony. After a brief Japanese occupation, Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies. On 4 January 1948, Myanmar declared independence under the terms of the Burma Independence Act 1947.

Myanmar's post-independence history has continued to be checkered by unrest and conflict. The coup d'état in 1962 resulted in a military dictatorship under the Burma Socialist Programme Party. On 8 August 1988, the 8888 Uprising then resulted in a nominal transition to a multi-party system two years later, but the country's post-uprising military council refused to cede power, and has continued to rule the country through to the present. The country remains riven by ethnic strife among its myriad ethnic groups and has one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. The United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systemic human rights violations in the country.[17] In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners were released and the 2015 Myanmar general election was held, leading to improved foreign relations and eased economic sanctions,[18] although the country's treatment of its ethnic minorities, particularly in connection with the Rohingya conflict, continued to be a source of international tension and consternation.[19] Following the 2020 Myanmar general election, in which Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a clear majority in both houses, the Burmese military (Tatmadaw) again seized power in a coup d'état.[20] The coup, which was widely condemned by the international community, led to continuous ongoing widespread protests in Myanmar and has been marked by violent political repression by the military, as well as a larger outbreak of the civil war.[21] The military also arrested Aung San Suu Kyi in order to remove her from public life, and charged her with crimes ranging from corruption to the violation of COVID-19 protocols; all of the charges against her are "politically motivated" according to independent observers.[22]

Myanmar is a member of the East Asia Summit, Non-Aligned Movement, ASEAN, and BIMSTEC, but it is not a member of the Commonwealth of Nations despite once being part of the British Empire. Myanmar is a Dialogue Partner of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The country is very rich in natural resources, such as jade, gems, oil, natural gas, teak and other minerals, as well as also endowed with renewable energy, having the highest solar power potential compared to other countries of the Great Mekong Subregion.[23] However, Myanmar has long suffered from instability, factional violence, corruption, poor infrastructure, as well as a long history of colonial exploitation with little regard to human development.[24] In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP (PPP) at US$221.5 billion.[25] The income gap in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the economy is controlled by cronies of the military junta.[26] Myanmar is one of the least developed countries; as of 2020, according to the Human Development Index, it ranks 147 out of 189 countries in terms of human development, the lowest in Southeast Asia.[27] Since 2021, more than 600,000 people were displaced across Myanmar due to the surge in violence post-coup, with more than 3 million people in dire need of humanitarian assistance.[28]


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  1. ^ "Myanmar | Ethnologue Free".
  2. ^ "Largest Ethnic Groups In Myanmar". Worldatlas. 18 July 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Burma". The World Factbook. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 8 August 2023.
  4. ^ "Myanmar's Constitution of 2008" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
  5. ^ "The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census- The Union Report: Religion" (PDF). myanmar.unfpa.org. Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2019.
  6. ^ "ACT Health Community Profile, pg. 1" (PDF). Multicultural Health Policy Unit. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  7. ^ "Myanmar Junta Reshuffles Governing Body". The Irrawaddy. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  8. ^ "Myanmar reshuffle of generals suggests 'instability,' experts say". Radio Free Asia. 26 September 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  9. ^ "Myanmar Junta Leader Reshuffles Cabinet Days After Extending Emergency Rule". The Irrawaddy. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  10. ^ "Burma". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 September 2022. (Archived 2022 edition)
  11. ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Myanmar)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  12. ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  13. ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. p. 289. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  14. ^ "Myanmar Population (2018) – Worldometers". worldometers.info.
  15. ^ O'Reilly, Dougald JW (2007). Early civilizations of Southeast Asia. United Kingdom: Altamira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0279-8.
  16. ^ Lieberman, p. 152
  17. ^ "Burma". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
    "Myanmar Human Rights". Amnesty International USA. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
    "World Report 2012: Burma". Human Rights Watch. 22 January 2012. Archived from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  18. ^ Madhani, Aamer (16 November 2012). "Obama administration eases Burma sanctions before visit". USA Today.
    Fuller, Thomas; Geitner, Paul (23 April 2012). "European Union Suspends Most Myanmar Sanctions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012.
  19. ^ Greenwood, Faine (27 May 2013). "The 8 Stages of Genocide Against Burma's Rohingya | UN DispatchUN Dispatch". Undispatch.com. Retrieved 13 April 2014.
    "EU welcomes "measured" Myanmar response to rioting". Reuters. 11 June 2012. Archived from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
    "Q&A: Communal violence in Burma". BBC. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  20. ^ "Myanmar military takes control of country after detaining Aung San Suu Kyi". BBC News. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  21. ^ Wee, Sui-Lee (5 December 2021). "Fatalities Reported After Military Truck Rams Protesters in Myanmar". The New York Times.
  22. ^ Ratcliffe, Rebecca (6 December 2021). "Myanmar's junta condemned over guilty verdicts in Aung San Suu Kyi trial". The Guardian.
  23. ^ Vakulchuk, Roman; Kyaw Kyaw Hlaing; Edward Ziwa Naing; Indra Overland; Beni Suryadi and Sanjayan Velautham (2017). Myanmar's Attractiveness for Investment in the Energy Sector. A Comparative International Perspective. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of Strategic and International Studies (MISIS) Report. p. 8.
  24. ^ Wong, John (March 1997). "Why Has Myanmar not Developed Like East Asia?". ASEAN Economic Bulletin. 13 (3): 344–358. doi:10.1355/AE13-3E. JSTOR 25773443.
  25. ^ "Burma (Myanmar)". World Economic Outlook Database. International Monetary Fund.
  26. ^ Eleven Media (4 September 2013). "Income Gap 'world's widest'". The Nation. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
    McCornac, Dennis (22 October 2013). "Income inequality in Burma". Democratic Voice of Burma. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  27. ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  28. ^ "Issue Brief: Dire Consequences: Addressing the Humanitarian Fallout from Myanmar's Coup - Myanmar". ReliefWeb. 21 October 2021.

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