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Mexico , officially the United Mexican States , is a country in the southern portion of North America . Covering 1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi), it is the world's 13th largest country by area; with a population of almost 130 million, it is the 10th most populous country and has the most Spanish speakers in the world. Mexico is organized as a federal constitutional republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City , its capital and largest city , and among the world's most populous metropolitan areas . The country shares land borders with the United States to the north, with Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; as well as maritime borders with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.
Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico dates back to 8,000 BC , making it one of the world's six cradles of civilization . The Mesoamerican region hosted various intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec , Maya , Zapotec , Teotihuacan , and Purepecha . The Aztecs came to dominate the area prior to European contact . In 1521, the Spanish Empire , alongside indigenous allies, conquered the Aztec Empire , establishing the colony of New Spain centered in the former capital, Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City ). Over the next three centuries, Spain expanded its territorial control, enforced Christianity , and spread the Spanish language, with the colony's rich silver deposits fueling its empire. The colonial era ended in the early 19th century with the Mexican War of Independence . (Full article... )
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Pinguicula moranensis is a perennial rosette -forming insectivorous herb in the flowering plant family Lentibulariaceae . It is native to El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras and Mexico . A species of butterwort , it forms summer rosettes of flat, succulent leaves up to 10 centimeters (4 in) long, which are covered in mucilaginous (sticky) glands that attract, trap, and digest arthropod prey. Nutrients derived from the prey are used to supplement the nutrient-poor substrate that the plant grows in. In the winter the plant forms a non-carnivorous rosette of small, fleshy leaves that conserves energy while food and moisture supplies are low. Single pink, purple, or violet flowers appear twice a year on upright stalks up to 25 centimeters long.
The species was first collected by
Humboldt and
Bonpland on the outskirts of Mina de Morán in the
Sierra de Pachuca of the modern-day Mexican state of
Hidalgo on their
Latin American expedition of 1799–1804. Based on these collections,
Carl Sigismund Kunth described this species in
Nova Genera et Species Plantarum in 1817. The extremely variable species has been redefined at least twice since, while several new species have been segregated from it based on various geographical or
morphological distinctions, although the legitimacy of some of these is still debated.
P. moranensis remains the most common and most widely distributed member of the
Section Orcheosanthus . It has long been cultivated for its carnivorous nature and attractive flowers, and is one of the most common
butterworts in cultivation. (
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Guadalajara ( GWAH -də-lə-HAR -ə , Spanish: [ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa] ⓘ ) is a city in western Mexico and the capital of the state of Jalisco . According to the 2020 census, the city has a population of 1,385,629 people, making it the 7th most populous city in Mexico, while the Guadalajara metropolitan area has a population of 5,268,642 people, making it the third-largest metropolitan area in the country and the twentieth largest metropolitan area in the Americas . Guadalajara has the second-highest population density in Mexico, with over 10,361 people per square kilometer. Within Mexico, Guadalajara is a center of business, arts and culture, technology and tourism; as well as the economic center of the Bajío region. It usually ranks among the 100 most productive and globally competitive cities in the world. It is home to numerous landmarks, including Guadalajara Cathedral , the Teatro Degollado , the Templo Expiatorio , the UNESCO World Heritage site Hospicio Cabañas , and the San Juan de Dios Market —the largest indoor market in Latin America.
A settlement was established in the region of Guadalajara in early 1532 by
Cristóbal de Oñate , a Basque
conquistador in the expedition of
Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán . The settlement was renamed and moved several times before assuming the name Guadalajara after the birthplace of Guzmán and ending up at its current location in the Atemajac Valley in 1542. On November 8, 1539, the
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V had granted a coat of arms and the title of city to the new town and established it as the capital of the
Kingdom of Nueva Galicia , part of the
Viceroyalty of New Spain . After 1572, the
Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara , previously subordinate to
Mexico City , became the only authority in New Spain with autonomy over Nueva Galicia, owing to rapidly growing wealth in the kingdom following the discovery of
silver . By the 18th century, Guadalajara had taken its place as Mexico's second largest city, following mass colonial migrations in the 1720s and 1760s. During the
Mexican War of Independence , independence leader
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla established Mexico's first revolutionary government in Guadalajara in 1810. The city flourished during the
Porfiriato (1876–1911), with the advent of the
industrial revolution , but its growth was hampered significantly during the
Mexican Revolution (1910–1920). In 1929, the
Cristero War ended within the confines of the city, when President
Plutarco Elías Calles proclaimed the
Grito de Guadalajara . The city saw continuous growth throughout the rest of the 20th century, attaining a metro population of 1 million in the 1960s and surpassing 3 million in the 1990s. (
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image credit: Jakub Hejtmánek
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Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral and the Metropolitan Tabernacle, pictured in 2009
The Metropolitan Cathedral of the Assumption of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary into Heaven (Spanish : Catedral Metropolitana de la Asunción de la Bienaventurada Virgen María a los cielos ) is the cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mexico . It is situated on top of the former Aztec sacred precinct near the Templo Mayor on the northern side of the Plaza de la Constitución (Zócalo) in the historic center of Mexico City . The cathedral was built in sections from 1573 to 1813 around the original church that was constructed soon after the Spanish conquest of Tenochtitlan , eventually replacing it entirely. Spanish architect Claudio de Arciniega planned the construction, drawing inspiration from Gothic cathedrals in Spain.
Due to the long time it took to build it, just under 250 years, virtually all the main architects, painters, sculptors, gilding masters and other plastic artists of the
viceroyalty worked at some point in the construction of the enclosure. The long construction time also led to the integration of a number of architectural styles in its design, including the
Gothic ,
Baroque ,
Churrigueresque ,
Neoclassical styles, as they came into vogue over the centuries. It furthermore allowed the cathedral to include different ornaments, paintings, sculptures and furniture in its interior. The project was a point of social cohesion, because it involved so many generations and social classes, including ecclesiastical authorities, government authorities, and different religious orders. (
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Diego Rivera (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdjeɣo riˈβeɾa] ; December 8, 1886 – November 24, 1957), was a prominent Mexican painter. His large frescoes helped establish the mural movement in Mexican and international art.
Between 1922 and 1953, Rivera painted
murals in, among other places,
Mexico City ,
Chapingo , and
Cuernavaca , Mexico; and
San Francisco ,
Detroit , and
New York City , United States. In 1931, a retrospective exhibition of his works was held at the
Museum of Modern Art in New York; this was before he completed his 27-mural series known as
Detroit Industry Murals . (
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6 June 2024 –
SpaceX launches Starship 's Integrated Flight Test 4 , successfully guiding both the Super Heavy booster and Starship upper stage to soft water landings in the Gulf of Mexico and the Indian Ocean , respectively. (The New York Times )
5 June 2024 –
The World Health Organization confirms that a person in Mexico died from the H5N2 bird flu . (Reuters)
5 June 2024 – Mexico–United States border crisis
US President Joe Biden institutes a broad asylum ban on migrants illegally crossing the Mexico–United States border , with actions to deport or turn people back to Mexico , with exceptions for unaccompanied children, people with serious medical or safety threats, and victims of trafficking . (Reuters)
4 June 2024 – Mexico–United States border crisis
US President Joe Biden enacts an executive order to temporarily suspend asylum claims processing at the Mexico–United States border when the seven-day average of claims exceeds 2,500 per day. Amnesty International criticizes the executive order, accusing Biden of "setting a dangerous international precedent". (NPR) (AP)
2 June 2024 – 2024 Mexican general election
Mexicans elect a new president and legislature , eight governors , the mayor of Mexico City , and around 20,000 other positions in federal and local elections . (CNN)
Claudia Sheinbaum wins the presidential election. She will begin her term as Mexico 's first female president on October 1. (CBC)
18th century painting of a buñuelos street vendor in Mexico.
Mexican street food , called
antojitos (literally "little cravings"), is prepared by
street vendors and at small traditional markets in
Mexico .
Street foods include
tacos ,
tamales ,
gorditas ,
quesadillas ,
empalmes ,
tostadas ,
chalupa ,
elote ,
tlayudas ,
cemita ,
pambazo ,
empanada ,
nachos ,
chilaquiles ,
fajitas ,
tortas , even
hamburgers and
hot dogs , as well as fresh fruits, vegetables, beverages and soups such as
menudo ,
pozole and
pancita . Most are available in the morning and the evening, as mid-afternoon is the time for the main formal meal of the day. Mexico has one of the most extensive street food cultures in
Latin America , and
Forbes named
Mexico City as one of the foremost cities in the world in which to eat on the street. (
Full article... )
List of fare/cuisine articles
The following are images from various Mexico-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 Mexican Central Railway train at station, Mexico (from
History of Mexico )
Image 2 Battle of Centla, the first time a horse was used in battle in a war in the Americas. Mural in the Palacio Municipal of Paraíso,
Tabasco (from
History of Mexico )
Image 3 Panel 3 from Cancuen, Guatemala, representing king T'ah 'ak' Cha'an (from
History of Mexico )
Image 4 U.S. President
Barack Obama and Mexican President-Elect
Enrique Peña Nieto during their meet at the
White House following Peña Nieto's
election victory. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 5 The Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–900 CE (from
History of Mexico )
Image 7 The Execution of Emperor Maximilian , 19 June 1867. Gen.
Tomás Mejía , left, Maximilian, center, Gen.
Miguel Miramón , right. Painting by
Édouard Manet 1868. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 8 Portrait and book by
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz , Baroque poet and writer. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 9 Lázaro Cárdenas mural (from
History of Mexico )
Image 10 La huida a Egipto (The Flight into Egypt).
Miguel Cabrera , around 1700. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 12 Teotihuacan view of the Avenue of the Dead and the
Pyramid of the Sun , from the
Pyramid of the Moon (from
History of Mexico )
Image 13 Club América vs Cruz Azul at the
Estadio Azteca . (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 14 President Obregón. Note that he lost his right arm in the
Battle of Celaya (1915), earning him the nickname of
Manco de Celaya ("the one-armed man of Celaya"). (from
History of Mexico )
Image 15 A map of Mexico 1845 after Texas annexation by the U.S. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 16 President Vicente Fox with Prime Minister of India
Manmohan Singh (from
History of Mexico )
Image 17 Pear ,
Quince and
Psidium cajeta . In 2010 declared the
Bicentennial Dessert of Mexico. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 18 Modern group monument of
Cortés ,
Doña Marina , and their
mestizo son Martín (from
History of Mexico )
Image 19 Buffalo Soldiers of the American
10th Cavalry Regiment taken prisoner during the
Battle of Carrizal , Mexico in 1916. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 20 The first
Braceros arrive in
Los Angeles by train in 1942. Photograph by
Dorothea Lange . (from
History of Mexico )
Image 21 La leyenda de los volcanes (The legend of the volcanoes).
Saturnino Herrán . 1910-1912. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 22 Chacmool , Maya, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–90 CE (from
History of Mexico )
Image 23 Making cigarettes in the
El Buen Tono factory, Mexico City (from
History of Mexico )
Image 24 A unit of Cristeros preparing for battle. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 26 Logo of the
Partido Nacional Revolucionario , with the colors of the Mexican flag (from
History of Mexico )
Image 27 Mexico City street market (from
History of Mexico )
Image 28 Surrender of Santa Anna by
William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded
Sam Houston in 1836. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 30 Logo of
Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 32 "The Torture of
Cuauhtémoc ", a 19th-century painting by
Leandro Izaguirre (from
History of Mexico )
Image 34 Gilberto Bosques Saldívar took the initiative to rescue tens of thousands of Jews and
Spanish Republican exiles from being deported to
Nazi Germany or Spain. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 35 Exconvento (Ex-convent), by
José María Velasco . 1860. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 36 Three world leaders: (background, left to right) Mexican President
Carlos Salinas de Gortari , U.S. President
George H. W. Bush , and Canadian Prime Minister
Brian Mulroney , observe the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 37 Agustín de Iturbide the first
Emperor of Mexico (from
History of Mexico )
Image 39 Goddess, mural painting from the Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 650–750 CE (from
History of Mexico )
Image 40 Singer and actor Pedro Infante, one of the leading figures of the
Golden Age of Mexican Cinema . (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 41 Mexican Army troops in the
Zócalo in the 1968
Tlatelolco massacre . (from
History of Mexico )
Image 43 Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (from
History of Mexico )
Image 44 Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 (from
History of Mexico )
Image 45 El Chapo in US custody after his extradition from Mexico. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 46 Colossal atlantids, pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 AD (from
History of Mexico )
Image 48 General
Pancho Villa at the entrance of Ojinaga (from
History of Mexico )
Image 49 Dining table , painted between 1857 y 1859, oleo sobre tela (oil on canvas) by
Agustín Arrieta (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 50 Alegoría de la Constitución de 1857 ,
Petronilo Monroy , 1869. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 52 Shield Jaguar and
Lady Xoc , Maya, lintel 24 of temple 23, Yaxchilan, Mexico, ca. 725 ce. (from
History of Mexico )
Image 53 A statue of a
Chichimeca Warrior in the city of
Querétaro (from
History of Mexico )
Image 56 Sawdust carpet made during "The night no one sleeps" in Huamantla, Tlaxcala (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 59 Liberación (Liberation).
Jorge González Camarena . 1908. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 60 Porfirio Díaz (from
History of Mexico )
Image 61 Comanchería, territory controlled by the Comanches, prior to 1850 (from
History of Mexico )
Image 62 Entry into Mexico City by the Mexican army (from
History of Mexico )
Image 63 Variegated maize ears (from
History of Mexico )
Image 64 Toltec carving representing the Aztec Eagle, found in
Veracruz , 10th–13th century.
Metropolitan Museum of Art . (from
History of Mexico )
Image 65 Distribution of linguistic groups around 1500. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 66 Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill"). At the top of the hill is the
Cristo Rey (
Christ the
King ) statue. (from
Culture of Mexico )
Image 67 Victoriano Huerta , ruler of Mexico from 1913 to 1914 (from
History of Mexico )
Image 69 Murals of Bonampak (between 580 and 800 AD) (from
Culture of Mexico )
Category puzzle
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Non-Amerindian
Amerindian
More than 100,000 people 20,000–100,000 people 1,000–20,000 people Fewer than 1,000 people
Mexico portal 1 Jews and Romani originate in the Middle East and South Asia respectively, with most arriving to Mexico via Europe ·
2 Primarily arrived via Canada ·
3 Originated in what is now the United States
Americas Asia Europe Oceania
More than 100,000 people 20,000 – 100,000 people 1,000 – 20,000 people Less than 1,000 people
Official/ Indigenous
100,000+ speakers 10,000-100,000 speakers Under 10,000 speakers
Non-official Sign Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.
19th century 20th century 21st century
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